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Drinking Water Treatment

Drinking Water Treatment


Drinking water treatment

Drinking Water Treatment

Water treatment is a very crucial process that seeks to ensure that water is fit for use by humans. It is a sequence of steps that assist in the removal of contaminants, pathogens, and other impurities to provide safe water for drinking. Here’s an overview of the key processes involved in drinking water treatment:

  1. Source Water Protection

  • Objective: Ensure that the water body (such as rivers, lakes, ground water etc) is not polluted.
  • Methods: Watershed management, source control, and water quality assessment.
  1. Coagulation and Flocculation

  • Coagulation:
    • Purpose: To coagulate and precipitate the suspended particles in the water.
    • Process: Coagulants like aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride are used to remove the charge from the particles in the water.
  • Flocculation:
    • Purpose: To coalesce into bigger masses called flocs which can be easily removed from the water.
    • Process: The water is then stirred to promote the formation of flocs from the particles that are smaller in size.
  1. Sedimentation

  • Purpose: To facilitate the settling of flocs and other heavy particles at the base of a sedimentation basin.
  • Process: The water is stored in large tanks where the settled particles form a layer of sludge that is then periodically skimmed off.
  1. Filtration

  • Purpose: To remove any remaining suspended particles, pathogens and other impurities that may be present in the water.
  • Types of Filters:
    • Sand Filters: Coarse layers of sand and gravel are used to filter particles.
    • Activated Carbon Filters: Filter out organic materials, chlorine and other chemicals.
    • Membrane Filters: Use semipermeable membranes to filter out small particles and bacteria.
  1. Disinfection

  • Purpose: To kill or inactivate pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
  • Methods:
    • Chlorination: Chlorination by adding chlorine or chlorine containing compounds to the water for purification.
    • Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Using UV light to disinfect water in an effort to eliminate the DNA of microorganisms.
    • Ozonation: Use of ozone gas to disinfect and kill bacteria and viruses.
  1. pH Adjustment

  • Purpose: To treat the water to make it safe for use and distribution to the various regions of the country.
  • Methods: Adding substances such as lime or soda ash to increase the pH to a level of 6.5 to 8.5.
  1. Fluoridation

  • Purpose: To fluoridise the water to prevent the occurrence of tooth decay and to improve the health of teeth.
  • Methods: Sodium fluoride or fluorosilicic acid which is a fluoride compound is added in a controlled manner.
  1. Distribution

  • Purpose: To convey the treated water to the consumers through pipes and storage tanks.
  • Methods: The fact that the distribution system requires regular inspection, monitoring and testing to ensure that the water being supplied is of high quality.

Conclusion

Drinking water treatment is a process of removing any undesirable material, pathogen, or other unwanted elements from water to make it safe for human consumption. Some of the processes through which water treatment facilities provide safe drinking water to the people include source protection, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, pH adjustment and fluoridation.

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